如何购买一架二手飞机?

估值

购买一架二手飞机最重要的是飞机的估值,市场的价格是基于飞机是适航状态做出的,但适航状态下的飞机价值也有巨大的差异性,主要考虑部件的剩余寿命。 购买非适航飞机要考虑预期恢复成本和实际价值,如无法恢复适航性,风险大(不以再次运行为目的购买,无需考虑此类问题)。

二手飞机的估值是一个复杂的过程,涉及多个因素。以下是一些基本的步骤和方法:

适航性的判断

如何做出飞机是适航的判断呢?出口适航证?

本质上是判断飞机出厂后有被合理的使用和维护。

  1. 航空器正常使用没有重大的事故。
  2. 航空器过去使用的利用率在其维修方案的预期利用率范围内。
  3. 所有法定维护或改装工作合规按时完成。(MRBR\CMR\AD\ALI)
  4. 故障、损伤等得到妥善处置,已更换的部件是合规的。
  5. 新增的改装是合规的。

CAAC的政策

初始适航

AP-21-AA-2022-51 民用航空器适航批准审定程序


 

--如何获取适航证--

持续适航

航空器型号的设计批准和运行符合性评审 AEG

航空运营人申请投入运行的航空器应当为获得民航局适航部门设 计批准的航空器型号,并通过民航局飞行标准部门航空器评审组(AEG) 的运行符合性评审。

经过评审的航空器型号-查询入口

参考文件:AC-121-52 R2 航空器投入运行和年度适航状态检查

引进全新航空器

全新航空器是指航空器所有权被制造厂商、专门的交易商或租机公 司所拥有,飞行经历未超过 100 小时(包括试飞、调机飞行)或者自 出厂后未超过 12 个日历月,并未曾被任何私人、航空运营人或者飞行 培训学校拥有、租用或使用经历的航空器。全新航空器应当具备航空器 制造厂家出厂时提供的如下技术状态记录:

引进使用过的航空器

上述文件和记录应当至少使用中文或者英文,或者符合相应主管民航当局规定的前提下并英文翻译。 注:对于不具备上述部分记录或者文件的航空器,应当由航空运营人和合格证管理局主任维修监察员(PMI)共同确定需补作的相应维修工作(一般结合加入航空运营人维修方案的过渡检查进行)或按最大可能性折算其使用经历, 涉及持续适航与安全改进要求航空器还应当通过适航审定部门的批准。

交接的文件清单-举例

类型序号内容备注
A Current Certificates 
A1Certificate of Airworthiness (from Redelivering Airline),and if applicable the Airworthiness Review Certificate(ARC). 
A2Certificate of Registration (from Redelivering Airline). 
A3Certificate of Airworthiness for Export (if applicable). 
A4Noise Certificate (or equivalent)e.g.AFM page 
A5Copy of Radio Station License(from Redelivering Airline),including installed list of all radio transmitting equipment. 
A6Aircraft De-Registration confirmation (if applicable). 
A7 Burn Certification -Compliance with FAR 25.853 (or EASA equivalent)for seats, carpets,curtains,interior surfaces including in-combination burn certification (as applicable)(note -burn certificate may be contained in the AIR/ARL or type design / IPC). 
B  Aircraft Maintenance Status Summaries (certified by designated airline representative) 
B1Certified listing of Airframe Check /Inspection History /Maintenance Checks performed 
B2Certified status of Total Time in Service(Hours and Cycles). 
B3Aircraft Flight Time Report /Aircraft Log Book /or Airline Maintenance Information System(MIS)utilization report (as applicable). 
B4 Certified status of Airframe &Appliance (Component)Airworthiness Directives (including AD revision,applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected). 
B5Certified status of Manufacturer Service Bulletins incorporated (may be included in combined Aircraft Modification Listing). 
B6Certified status of all Airframe Non-Manufacturer Modifications incorporated, including STC's(may be included in combined Aircraft Modification Listing) 
B7 Certified status of compliance with the Redelivering Airline's Approved Maintenance Program,including task listing,task source,last done and next due information applicable Instructions for Continued Airworthiness,and any "Out of Phase' inspections. 
B8Certified status of supplemental structural inspections(SSIs)or ALS items (Airbus)as applicable.Tasks may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing. 
B9Certified status of CPCP/ISIP Tasks (if applicable)-may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing 
B10Certified status of Certification Maintenance Requirements (CMR)-may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing 
B11Certified status of Airworthiness Limitation Items(ALIs)-may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing. 
B12Certified list of deferred maintenance items (if applicable). 
B13Certified status of installed Time Controlled Components,including detail of applicable airworthiness limitation parameter. 
B14Certified status of Life Limited Airframe Parts (if applicable)indicating cycle limit, cycles consumed since new,and cycles remaining. 
B15 Certified listing of Operator's current tracked Components (including applicable Engine Components).Listing is limited to components which do not have a life limit (e.g.LLP)nor subject to periodic maintenance in a shop (i.e.HT/TCC Components), but whi 
B16 Certified Incident/Accident Clearance Statement (IATA /AWG format or equivalent)to include Aircraft,Engines,(and if applicable Propeller)covering the period of operation with Lessee. 
B17 (i)Certified listing of internal and external structural repairs &allowable damage, including reference to applicable approved data,time limited items and if applicable instructions for continued airworthiness.(ii)Certified map (Dent &Buckle File)of e 
B18Certified statement of Oil and Fluid types used in Aircraft,Engines and APU (may be included in Aircraft status statement) 
B19Certified listing of installed Operator loadable software including part number and revision date(limited to software that affects the operation and control of the aircraft). 
B20 Evidence of aircraft operational capability (e.g.RVSM,RNP,ETOPS,Landing Category, MNPS,FANS,FM Immunity,8.33 Spacing,ADS-B).May include reference to Component Listing(B015),AFM,Modification Listing,Operator's AMP to substantiate requirement. 
B21Certified Flight Data Recorder report verifying that required parameters are within approved limits (following last commercial flight prior to Redelivery) 
B22 Approved Maintenance Program summary of Redelivering Airline,including introduction summary pages,Last Done/Next Due listing,and if applicable the MPD to AMP task cross reference table. 
B23 Certified Cockpit Voice Recorder report verifying that required parameters are within approved limits following last commercial flight prior to Redelivery (EASA Ops (CAT IDE)only requirement) 
C Aircraft Maintenance Records 
C1Aircraft Technical Logs -minimum of last 3 years,or less if accepted by the Aircraft's next State of Registry (electronic or analogue format as available) 
C2A Checks -the last complete cycle of 'A'Checks (or Operator Check equivalent), including Tally Sheet and CRS(minimum of last 3 years required). 
C3C Checks -the last complete cycle of'C'Checks (or Operator Check equivalent) including Tally Sheet and CRS. 
C4 All Major Airframe scheduled Structural Check Packages (e.g.6/12 Yr,8/10/12 Yr, S4C/S8C etc.),(or Operator Check equivalent),including Tally Sheet and CRS (Structural Check Packages maybe included in 'C'Check Packages). 
C5CPCP/ISIP certified maintenance task cards (including level of corrosion found and rectification)(can be included in C002/003/004) 
C6 File for each applicable Airframe and Appliance(Component)AD(limited tc Appliance/Component ADs accomplished on-wing)including AD copy accomplishment instructions(e.g.EO /SB)and certified maintenance task cards 
C7 File for each incorporated Manufacturer's Service Bulletin(limited to SBs accomplished on wing)including copy of SB,and certified maintenance task carc (maybe included in combined Aircraft Modification File) 
C8 File for each incorporated non-OEM modification (including STCs)including substantiation data,regulatory approval,copy of accomplishment DFP,Right To Use Letter,Manual supplements,Instructions for Continued Airworthiness and related LDND information (m 
C9 Certified maintenance data for each Structural Repair and Allowable Damage (including embodiment instructions,Instructions for Continued Airworthiness,revision of data used,and Regulatory or Manufacturer approval if not within SRM). 
C10Aircraft weight report reflecting current configuration. 
C11Flight control balance status -original manufacturer data,and if applicable the latest certified maintenance task card. 
C12Last Demonstration Flight report and relevant Technical Log (refers to end of lease Demonstration Flight if applicable) 
C13Compass Deviation report including certified task card (last performed Operator task card)(if applicable) 
C14Current Hard Copy records inventory(if applicable). 
D Configuration Status 
D1Layout of Passenger Accommodation (LOPA)drawing including Seat Part Numbers. 
D2Galley Drawings 
D3Emergency Equipment Drawing with item description and Part Numbers. 
D4Inventory of Loose and Galley Equipment. 
D5Inventory Listing of Avionics Units installed (E and E Bay)(if available or as incorporated in component listing) 
D6Electrical Load Analysis (either Current ELA or Original ELA plus any applicable supplements). 
E  Aircraft Manufacturer Records (to the extent provided at Delivery per Manufacturer delivery isting and not superseded) 
E1Certificate of Airworthiness or Certificate of Airworthiness for Export at Manufacture(if applicable) 
E2Manufacturer report of Airworthiness Directives incorporated at Manufacture 
E3Manufacturer's original component fitted listing (e.g.Aircraft Inspection Report (Airbus)/Aircraft Readiness Log(Boeing)) 
E4Manufacturer's Repair/Alteration Report/Significant Repair Log. 
E5Manufacturer report of Modifications incorporated at manufacture. 
E6Service Difficulty Reports (if any)/Delivery Inspection Report (as applicable). 
E7Production Aircraft Test Completion Record 
E8Manufacture Flight Logs (Hours and Cycles recorded). 
E9Aircraft Historical /Miscellaneous Log (Boeing). 
E10Manufacturer Report of Landing Gear Life Limited Parts installed at Manufacture including Part Numbers and Serial Numbers (if not included in other documents) 
E11Statement of the Aircraft eligible Type Certification. 
E12Certified Aircraft Weighing Report at Manufacture 
E13Certificate of Conformance(if applicable to Aircraft type). 
E14Production Flight Certificate(if applicable to Aircraft type) 
E15Final Inspection Report (if applicable to Aircraft type). 
E16Rigging Brochure (if applicable to Aircraft type). 
E17Certificate of Sanitary Construction (if applicable). 
E18Detailed Specification /Technical Description Document (if applicable). 
E19Interior Finish Specification Document 
E20Customer Checklist Document (if applicable). 
F Engine Records (Separate folder for each respective Engine) 
F1Manufacturer Delivery Documents(EDS,Log book,Test Data/Performance Summary, Configuration Listing and SB Status at Manufacture). 
F2Certificate of Airworthiness for Export at Manufacture(if applicable). 
F3Certified statement of Total Time in Service(Hours and Cycles) 
F4Certified status of Engine Airworthiness Directives (including applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected). 
F5Certified status of incorporated Engine Manufacture Service Bulletins 
F6Certified status of incorporated Engine Non-Manufacturer modifications including STC's with applicable regulatory approval. 
F7Certified Life Limited Parts listing indicating cycle limit,cycles consumed since new, and cycles remaining 
F8Individual total cycle substantiation data for each Life Limited Part since manufacture. 
F9All historical Engine/Module Shop Visit reports (which may not include engine DFP records and shop task cards). 
F10Condition Monitoring Report (current Trend Data) 
F11Engine Log Book and/or Master record of Installation &Removals(as applicable). 
F12Last Borescope report (including video)(if required by lease). 
F13Last Engine Test Cell report 
F14Last On-wing Maximum Power Assurance Ground Run (as performed during end of ease maintenance check if applicable) 
F15Certified Engine Incident&Accident Clearance Statement for period of operation with Lessee(IATA/AWG format or equivalent,if not covered by Aircraft ICS in B016) 
F16 Certified Power Rating Operation statement (including (if applicable)cycles of operation at different thrust ratings)-may be included in Disc Sheet or LLP tracking template. 
F17Certified maintenance task cards for Specialist Engine Field Repairs since last shop visit (if applicable) 
F18Certified maintenance task cards for Fan Blade Distribution (including P/N,S/N,and Moment Weight information) 
F19Certified inspection status and maintenance task card for last inspection of installed Engine Mounts(if required and if not already covered by Last Done /Next Due listing). 
F20Certified High Pressure Turbine Blade listing to include TSN/CSN/TSO/CSO. 
F21Copy of current OEM concessions,(e.g.Customer Departure Record (CDR-GE/CFM) One Time Concession (OTC-PW/IAE)or Technical Variance (TV-RR))as applicable. 
F22Certified Engine component listing including serialized line replaceable units as tracked by redelivery operator (if not already supplied in B015).Including TSN/CSN/TSO/CSO (if available) 
G APU 
G1(i)Certified Total Time in Service of APU (including current Hours and Cycles)(ii) Certified statement of ratio between Aircraft Hours to APU Hours) 
G2Certified Status of APU Airworthiness Directives (including applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected). 
G3Certified status of incorporated APU Manufacture Service Bulletins 
G4APU Log Book and/or Master record of Installation &Removals (as applicable) 
G5 All APU Shop Visit Reports back to last Heavy SV,and if available Shop Visit Reports prior to last Heavy SV(SV Reports may not include engine DFP records and shop task cards). 
G6 Certified Life Limited Parts Listing indicating hour or cycle limit,hours or cycles consumed since new,and hours or cycles remaining,and if applicable the individua total hour or cycle substantiation record for each Life Limited Part since manufacture. 
G7Operational Performance Test (on-wing)-certified maintenance task card (if applicable) 
G8Last Borescope report ((including video),if required by lease). 
H Component Records 
H1Authorized Release Certificate for each Time Controlled Component per OEM classification (including last overhaul /repair /shop test report as applicable) 
H2Authorized Release Certificate for each operator tracked components(requirement to produce related component certificate is subject to lease agreement or Redelivering Lessee's regulatory authority oversight) 
l Landing Gears(Separate folder for each respective Landing Gear) 
l1Manufacturer report of Life Limited Parts installed at Manufacture (for installed Landing Gear),including Part Number and Serial Number 
l2Authorized Release Certificate from last Overhaul of each major Landing Gear Assembly 
|3Certified status of Life Limited Parts of each Landing Gear showing cycle limit,cycles consumed since new,and cycles remaining 
l4Last Overhaul Shop Report 
l5Individual total cycle substantiation data for each Life Limited Part(as identified by applicable OEM document)since manufacture 
J Manuals(as applicable at End of Lease(EOL)in then current format and redacted as appropriate to protect operator proprietary data).Manuals which can be sourced from an OEM directly(e.g.AirbusWorld,MyBoeingFleet)are excluded 
J1Airplane Flight Manual (including all supplements acceptable to the Aircraft state of design) 
J2Wiring Diagram Manual 
J3lllustrated Parts Catalogue 
J4Maintenance Manual 
J5System Schematics Manual 
J6Wire List and Hookup charts 
J7Aircraft Operating Manual 
J8Quick Reference Handbook 
J9Weight and Balance Manual 
J10Power Plant Buildup Manual 
J11Structural Repair Manua 
J12Engine Maintenance Manual 
J13Engine lllustrated Parts Manual 
J14Master Minimum Equipment List 
J15Manufacturer's Maintenance Planning Document 
J16Dispatch Deviation Procedures Guide 
J17Manufacturer's Cabin Crew Operating Manual (if applicable to Aircraft type). 
J18Passenger Seat Manuals (CMM &IPC),subject to proprietary data restrictions. 
J19Galley CMM 
K Propellers(Separate folder for each respective Propeller) 
K1Certified Total Time In Service(Hours and Cycles)of each Propeller. 
K2Certified status of Propeller Airworthiness Directives(including applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected) 
K3Certified status of incorporated Propeller Manufacture Service Bulletins. 
K4Certified status of incorporated Propeller non-manufacturer modifications including STC's with applicable regulatory approval. 
K5Log Book and/or Master Record of Installation &Removals for each Propeller (as applicable). 
K6Certified Time Controlled Component /Life Limited Parts Listing(as applicable)for each Propeller,including detail of applicable airworthiness limitation parameter. 
K7Last Overhaul Shop Report 
K8 For each Life Limited Part provide total cycle substantiation since new,OR For each Time Controlled Component a copy of the Authorized Release Certificate(including as applicable the last overhaul /repair /shop test report). 
K9Certified Propeller Incident &Accident Clearance Statement for period of operation with Lessee(IATA/AWG format or equivalent,if not covered by Aircraft ICS in B016) 

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